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Why can welding distort a metal assembly even after it cools?

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  1. The filler metal is denser than the base
  2. Welding permanently lowers the elastic modulus
  3. Local thermal expansion and contraction leave internal stress

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References

  1. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Material Science www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2026-04/DOE-HDBK-1017-93_VOL1.pdf Checked 2026-10-10.

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